ABOUT NATIONAL PARK
A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes, created and protected by national governments. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.
An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), has defined "National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas. According to the IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park.
National Parks are area that aim to protect the natural environment. They are also involved in public recreation and enjoyment activities. In a national park, the landscape and its Flora and Funna are present in their natural state.
India is rich in biodiversity. It comprises about 7.6% mammals, 6.2% reptiles, 12.6% birds and 6.0% flowering plant species under the indomalayan ecozone. Many eco-regions of our country like Shola forests exhibit high rate of endemism. The forest cover over the ranges from the tropical rainforest, the Western Ghats and Northeast India to the coniferous forests in the Himalayan Region.
The significant terrestrial ecosystem coming along the Indomalayan ecozone consists of temperate, polar, wet, dry regions for different kind of species to live . The species include elephant, tiger, cobra, crocodile, apes, rhinoceros, goats, lions along with different types of flora and funnas.
India wildlife has around 99 world-recognized National Parks in different parts of the country. All these National Parks and the Wildlife Reserves have been recognized by the IUCN or the International Union for the Conservation of Nature under the second category of protected areas.
WHAT ARE NATIONAL PARKS?
For the conservation of the natural environment, these areas are generated and set up by the Government of India. It has more restrictions as compared to the wildlife sanctuary. Their boundaries are also fixed. The main purpose of a national park is to protect the natural environment of the area and conservation of biodiversity. Also, to promote education and recreation. In India, National Parks are IUCN category II protected areas. National Parks provide a haven for wildlife away from the civilization. India has currently over 100 National Parks distributed across the country stretching across various biomes. In 1936, the first National Park in India was established as Hailey National Park. Now, it is known as Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand. It is one of the finest examples of ecological Conservation.
OBJECTIVES BEHIND NATIONAL PARKS
⭕ In order to perpetuate, to manage the area as a natural means. Examples of physiographic regions, biotic communities, genetic resources, and unimpaired natural processes.
⭕ To contribute to the conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological processes, and migration routes.
⭕ To maintain viable and ecologically functional populations. In the long term, to conserve the integrity of the ecosystem and resilience and for this assemblage of native species at densities are done.
⭕ For inspirational, educational, cultural, and recreational purposes, to manage visitor use so that it will not cause significant biological or ecological degradation to natural resources.
⭕ To take into account the needs of indigenous people and local communities including subsistence resource use. So far, these will not adversely affect the primary management objective.
⭕ Through tourism, to contribute to local economies.
Let us tell you that Category II areas are typically large and conserve a functioning "ecosystem". And in order to achieve this, the protected area may need to be complemented by sympathetic management in surrounding areas.
DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS ALLOWED IN NATIONAL PARKS AND WHAT NOT?
In National Parks, human activity is not allowed. Also, the grazing of livestock and private tenurial rights are not permitted. The species that are mentioned in the Schedule of the Wildlife Act are also not allowed for hunting or capturing purposes. No person can remove, exploit, or destroy any wildlife from a National Park. No person shall allow to damage or destroy the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal of its habitat within a National Park.
Also, they cannot be downgraded to the status of a 'sanctuary'. Both the Central Government and State governments can declare National Parks. But the alteration of the boundaries of a national park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the State legislature.
ABOUT KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK AND TIGER RESERVE (KNPTR)
It is located in the State of Assam, India. The area of this National Park is sprinkled with elephant-grass meadows, swampy lagoons and dense forests are home to more than 2200 Indian one-horned rhinoceros, approximately 2/3rd of their total world population. In 1908, it was formed on the recommendation of Mary Curzon. The Park was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.
In 2006, it is also declared as Tiger Reserve due to the increasing tiger population in Kaziranga. It is also recognised as an Important Bird Area by Bird Life International for the conservation of avifaunal species.
ABOUT ORANG NATIONAL PARK
Orang National Park is also known as the mini Kaziranga National Park. It is located in the Darrang and Sonitpur districts of the state of Assam at a distance of approx 100 km from the Kaziranga National park. The park is highly enriched in wildlife that consists of one-horned Rhino, tiger, elephant, leopard, deer, etc. It is also famous for bird watching due to the presence of a large number of exotic migratory birds and domestic birds.
THE HISTORY BEHIND ORANG NATIONAL PARK
It has a history of several mixed patterns of habitation. It was inhabited by the local ethnic group in 1900. In 1919, the British Government declared the whole area as Orang Game Reserve. And it was under the control of the State Government Forest Department to fulfill the requirement of Project Tiger of the National Parks. Finally, in 1999, the sanctuary got the full status of of National Park.
ABOUT NAMERI NATIONAL PARK
It is located in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in the Sonitpur District of Assam that is about 40 km from Tezpur and the third national park in Assam . Nameri National Park is a birder's paradise with over 300 species of birds. It also has a population of Samb6har, Barking deer, Hog Deer, Wild Boar, etc. Around 3000 domestic cattle form part of this prey base for Tiger and Leopards.
So, now you may have come to know about the National Park, its objective, and the significance of the new move.
DEFINITIONS
In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics :-
⭕ One or several ecosystems not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty.
⭕ Highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation as soon as possible in the whole area and to effectively enforce the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment.
⭕ Visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.
In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include :-
⭕ Minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence.
⭕ Statutory legal protection.
⭕ Budget and staff sufficient to provide sufficient effective protection.
⭕ Prohibition of exploitation of natural resources (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, hunting, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.
While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition.
STATE-WISE BREAK UP OF NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA
STATE/UNION TERRITORY : NO. OF NATIONAL PARKS
Andhra Pradesh : 3
Arunachal Pradesh : 2
Assam : 5
Bihar : 1
Chhattisgarh : 3
Goa : 1
Gujarat : 4
Haryana : 2
Himachal Pradesh : 5
Jammu & Kashmir : 4
Jharkhand : 1
Karnataka : 5
Kerala : 6
Madhya Pradesh : 10
Maharashtra : 6
Manipur : 1
Meghalaya : 2
Mizoram : 2
Nagaland : 1
Odisha : 2
Punjab : 0
Rajasthan : 5
Sikkim : 1
Tamil Nadu : 5
Telangana : 3
Tripura : 2
Uttar Pradesh : 1
Uttarakhand : 6
West Bengal : 6
Andaman & Nicobar : 9
COMPLETE LIST OF NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
⭕ Campbell Bay National Park
⭕ Galathea Bay National Park
⭕ Mahatama Gandhi Marine (Wandoor) National Park
⭕ Middle Button Island National Park
⭕ Mount Harriett National Park
⭕ North Button Island National Park
⭕ Rani Jhansi Marine National Park
⭕ Saddle Peak National Park
⭕ South Button Island National Park
ANDHRA PRADESH
⭕ Papikonda National Park
⭕ Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park
⭕ Sri Venkateswara National Park
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
⭕ Mouling National Park
⭕ Namdapha National Park
ASSAM
⭕ Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
⭕ Kaziranga National Park
⭕ Manas National Park
⭕ Nameri National Park
⭕ Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park
BIHAR
⭕ Valmiki National Park
CHHATTISGARH
⭕ Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park
⭕ Indravati (Kutru) National Park
⭕ Kanger Valley National Park
GOA
⭕ Mollem National Park
GUJARAT
⭕ Vansda National Park
⭕ Blackbuck (Velavadar) National Park
⭕ Gir National Park
⭕ Marine (Gulf of Kachchh) National Park
HARYANA
⭕ Kalesar National Park
⭕ Sultanpur National Park
HIMACHAL PRADESH
⭕ Great Himalayan National Park
⭕ Inderkilla National Park
⭕ Khirganga National Park
⭕ Pin Valley National Park
⭕ Simbalbara National Park
JAMMU & KASHMIR
⭕ City Forest (Salim Ali) National Park
⭕ Dachigam National Park
⭕ Hemis National Park
⭕ Kishtwar National Park
JHARKHAND
⭕ Betla National Park
KARNATAKA
⭕ Anshi National Park
⭕ Bandipur National Park
⭕ Bannerghatta National Park
⭕ Kudremukh National Park
⭕ Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park
KERALA
⭕ Anamudi Shola National Park
⭕ Eravikulam National Park
⭕ Mathikettan Shola National Park
⭕ Pambadum Shola National Park
⭕ Periyar National Park
⭕ Silent Valley National Park
MADHYA PRADESH
⭕ Bandhavgarh National Park
⭕ Fossil National Park
⭕ Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park
⭕ Kanha National Park
⭕ Madhav National Park
⭕ Panna National Park
⭕ Sanjay National Park
⭕ Satpura National Park
⭕ Van Vihar National Park
⭕ Dinosaur National Park
MAHARASHTRA
⭕ Chandoli National Park
⭕ Gugamal National Park
⭕ Nawegaon National Park
⭕ Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) National Park
⭕ Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali) National Park
⭕ Tadoba National Par
MANIPUR
⭕ Keibul-Lamjao National Park
MEGHALAYA
⭕ Balphakram National Park
⭕ Nokrek Ridge National Park
MIZORAM
⭕ Murlen National Park
⭕ Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park
NAGALAND
⭕ Intanki National Park
ODISHA
⭕ Bhitarkanika National Park
⭕ Simlipal National Park
RAJASTHAN
⭕ Mukundra Hills National Park
⭕ Desert National Park
⭕ Keoladeo Ghana National Park
⭕ Ranthambhore National Park
⭕ Sariska National Park
SIKKIM
⭕ Khangchendzonga National Park
TAMIL NADU
⭕ Guindy National Park
⭕ Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
⭕ Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park
⭕ Mudumalai National Park
⭕ Mukurthi National Park
TELANGANA
⭕ Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
⭕ Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park
⭕ Mrugavani National Park
TRIPURA
⭕ Clouded Leopard National Park
⭕ Bison (Rajbari) National Park
UTTAR PRADESH
⭕ Dudhwa National Park
UTTARAKHAND
⭕ Corbett National Park
⭕ Gangotri National Park
⭕ Govind National Park
⭕ Nanda Devi National Park
⭕ Rajaji National Park
⭕ Valley of Flowers National Park
WEST BENGAL
⭕ Buxa National Park
⭕ Gorumara National Park
⭕ Jaldapara National Park
⭕ Neora Valley National Park
⭕ Singalila National Park
⭕ Sunderban National Park
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